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Artificial Intelligence Industry In China
The synthetic intelligence market in the People’s Republic of China is a quickly developing multi-billion dollar industry. The roots of China’s AI development started in the late 1970s following Deng Xiaoping’s economic reforms stressing science and innovation as the country’s main efficient force.
The preliminary phases of China’s AI advancement were slow and experienced considerable difficulties due to absence of resources and skill. At the starting China lagged most Western nations in terms of AI advancement. A bulk of the research was led by researchers who had gotten college abroad. [1]
Since 2006, the federal government of individuals’s Republic of China has actually steadily established a national program for expert system development and became among the leading countries in artificial intelligence research and advancement. [2] In 2016, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched its thirteenth five-year strategy in which it aimed to become a worldwide AI leader by 2030. [3]
The State Council has a list of “national AI groups” including fifteen China-based companies, consisting of Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, and iFlytek. [citation required] Each company needs to lead the development of a designated specialized AI sector in China, such as facial recognition, software/hardware, and speech recognition. China’s rapid AI advancement has significantly impacted Chinese society in many locations, including the socio-economic, military, and political spheres. Agriculture, transportation, accommodation and food services, and manufacturing are the top industries that would be the most affected by additional AI release.
The economic sector, university labs, and the armed force are working collaboratively in numerous aspects as there are couple of present existing borders. [4] In 2021, China released the Data Security Law of the People’s Republic of China, its first national law attending to AI-related ethical concerns. In October 2022, the United States federal government announced a series of export controls and trade restrictions planned to limit China’s access to sophisticated computer system chips for AI applications. [5] [6]
Concerns have been raised about the impacts of the Chinese federal government’s censorship routine on the advancement of generative artificial intelligence and talent acquisition with state of the country’s demographics. [7] [8]
History
The research and development of expert system in China started in the 1980s, with the announcement by Deng Xiaoping of the value of science and technology for China’s economic development. [3]
Late 1970s to early 2010s
Expert system research study and advancement did not begin until the late 1970s after Deng Xiaoping’s financial reforms. [3] While there was a lack of AI-related research study between the 1950s and 1960s, some scholars believe this is because of the impact of cybernetics from the Soviet Union despite the Sino-Soviet split during the late 1950s and early 1960s. [9] In the 1980s, a group of Chinese researchers released AI research study led by Qian Xuesen and Wu Wenjun. [9] However, during the time, China’s society still had a typically conservative view towards AI. [9] Early AI advancement in China was hard so China’s government approached these challenges by sending Chinese scholars overseas to study AI and more providing federal government funds for research jobs. The Chinese Association for Expert System (CAAI) was established in September 1981 and was authorized by the Ministry of Civil Affairs. [10] The first chairman of the executive committee was Qin Yuanxun, who received a PhD in viewpoint from Harvard University. [citation needed] In 1987, China’s first research study publication on synthetic intelligence was released by Tsinghua University. Beginning in 1993, wise automation and intelligence have actually belonged to China’s nationwide technology strategy. [9]
Since the 2000s, the Chinese government has actually even more expanded its research study and development funds for AI and the variety of government-sponsored research study projects has considerably increased. [3] In 2006, China revealed a policy top priority for the advancement of expert system, which was consisted of in the National Medium and Long Term Prepare For the Development of Science and Technology (2006-2020), released by the State Council. [2] In the exact same year, artificial intelligence was also pointed out in the eleventh five-year plan. [11]
In 2011, the Association for the Advancement of Expert System (AAAI) established a branch in Beijing, China. [12] At exact same year, the Wu Wenjun Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology Award was founded in honor of Chinese mathematician Wu Wenjun, and it ended up being the highest award for Chinese achievements in the field of artificial intelligence. The very first award event was held on May 14, 2012. [13] In 2013, the International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI) was kept in Beijing, marking the very first time the conference was kept in China. This occasion accompanied the Chinese federal government’s statement of the “Chinese Intelligence Year,” a significant turning point in China’s advancement of artificial intelligence. [12]
Late 2010s to early 2020s
The State Council of China released “A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan” (State Council Document [2017] No. 35) on 20 July 2017. In the file, the CCP Central Committee and the State Council advised governing bodies in China to promote the advancement of artificial intelligence. Specifically, the strategy explained AI as a tactical innovation that has become a “focus of international competition”. [14]:2 The file advised considerable financial investment in a number of tactical locations connected to AI and called for close cooperation in between the state and private sectors. On the occasion of CCP basic secretary Xi Jinping’s speech at the first plenary meeting of the Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee (CMCFDC), scholars from the National Defense University composed in the PLA Daily that the “transferability of social resources” in between economic and military ends is an important part to being an excellent power. [15] During the Two Sessions 2017,”synthetic intelligence plus” was proposed to be raised to a tactical level. [16] The very same year saw the introduction of several application-level uses in the medical field according to reports. [17] Furthermore, the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) established their AI processor chip research laboratory in Nanjing, and presented their very first AI expertise chip, Cambrian. [citation required]
In 2018, Xinhua News Agency, in collaboration with Tencent’s subsidiary Sogou, released its first synthetic intelligence-generated news anchor. [18] [19] [20]
In 2018, the State Council allocated $2.1 billion for an AI commercial park in Mentougou district. [21] In order to attain this the State Council mentioned the requirement for enormous skill acquisition, theoretical and useful developments, in addition to public and personal financial investments. [14] Some of the specified motivations that the State Council provided for pursuing its AI method consist of the capacity of expert system for industrial transformation, much better social governance and maintaining social stability. [14] Since completion of 2020, Shanghai’s Pudong District had 600 AI business throughout foundational, technical, and application layers, with associated markets valued at around 91 billion yuan. [22]
In 2019, the application of artificial intelligence expanded to different fields such as quantum physics, location, and medical research study. With the emergence of big language designs (LLMs), at the start of 2020, Chinese scientists began developing their own LLMs. One such example is the multimodal large model called ‘Zidongtaichu.’ [23]
The Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence launched China’s first large scale pre-trained language model in 2022. [24] [25]:283
In November 2022, the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC), Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, and the Ministry of Public Security jointly released the policies concerning deepfakes, which became efficient in January 2023. [26]
In July 2023, Huawei launched its version 3.0 of its Pangu LLM. [27]
In July 2023, China released its Interim Measures for the Administration of Generative Expert System Services. [28]:96 A draft proposal on standard generative AI services safety requirements, consisting of specifications for information collection and model training was issued in October 2023. [28]:96
Also in October 2023, the Chinese government introduced its Global AI Governance Initiative, which frames its AI policy as part of a Neighborhood of Common Destiny and intends to develop AI policy discussion with establishing nations. [29] [28]:93 The Initiative has actually revealed concern over AI security risks, including abuse of data or making use of AI by terrorists. [28]:93
In 2024, Spamouflage, an online disinformation and propaganda project of the Ministry of Public Security, started using news anchors created with generative synthetic intelligence to deliver phony news clips. [18]
In March 2024, Premier Li Qiang launched the AI+ Initiative, which intends to incorporate AI into China’s real economy. [28]:95
In May 2024, the Cyberspace Administration of China announced that it presented a large language design trained on Xi Jinping Thought. [30]
According to the 2024 report from the International Data Corporation (IDC), Baidu AI Cloud holds China’s biggest LLM market show 19.9 percent and US$ 49 million in revenue over the in 2015. This was followed by SenseTime, with 16 percent market share, and by Zhipu AI, as the 3rd largest. The fourth and 5th biggest were Baichuan and the Hong-Kong listed AI business 4Paradigm respectively. [31] Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax were praised by financiers as China’s brand-new “AI Tigers”. [32] In April 2024, 117 generative AI designs had been approved by the Chinese federal government. [33]
Since 2024, lots of Chinese innovation firms such as Zhipu AI and Bytedance have released AI video-generation tools to rival OpenAI’s Sora. [34]
Chronology of major AI-related policies
Ministry of Science and Technology; Ministry of Industry and Information Technology; the Central Leading Group for Cyberspace Affairs
National Development and Reform Commission; Ministry of Science and Technology Ministry of Industry and Information Technology
Government objectives
According to a February 2019 publication by the Center for a New American Security, CCP general secretary Xi Jinping – believes that being at the leading edge of AI innovation will be vital to the future of global military and economic power competitors. [35] By 2025, the State Council goes for China to make basic contributions to standard AI theory and to strengthen its place as a global leader in AI research study. Further, the State Council goes for AI to become “the main driving force for China’s industrial updating and economic transformation” by this time. [14] By 2030, the State Council aims to have China be the international leader in the development of expert system theory and innovation. The State Council declares that China will have developed a “fully grown new-generation AI theory and technology system.” [14]
According to academics Karen M. Sutter and Zachary Arnold, the Chinese government “looks for to combine state preparation and control while some functional flexibility for companies. In this context, China’s AI firms are hybrid players. The state guides their activity, funds, and guards them from foreign competition through domestic market securities, developing uneven benefits as they broaden offshore.” [36]
The CCP’s fourteenth five-year strategy reaffirmed AI as a top research study top priority and ranks AI first among “frontier industries” that the Chinese government aims to concentrate on through 2035. [3] The AI industry is a strategic sector typically supported by China’s government assistance funds. [37]:167
Research and advancement
Chinese public AI funding mainly focused on sophisticated and applied research study. [38] The government funding likewise supported several AI R&D in the personal sector through venture capitals that are backed by the state. [38] Much analytic firm research study showed that, while China is enormously purchasing all aspects of AI development, facial acknowledgment, biotechnology, quantum computing, medical intelligence, and self-governing vehicles are AI sectors with the most attention and funding. [39]
According to national assistance on establishing China’s modern industrial development zones by the Ministry of Science and Technology, there are fourteen cities and one county chosen as an experimental advancement zone. [40] Zhejiang and Guangdong provinces have the most AI development in speculative areas. However, the focus of AI R&D varied depending upon cities and local industrial advancement and ecosystem. For instance, Suzhou, a city with a longstanding strong production industry, greatly concentrates on automation and AI facilities while Wuhan focuses more on AI applications and the education sector. [40] In connection with universities, tech companies, and nationwide ministries, Shenzhen and Hangzhou each co-founded generative AI labs. [25]:282
In 2016 and 2017, Chinese groups won the top reward at the Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge, a worldwide competitors for computer system vision systems. [41] Many of these systems are now being integrated into China’s domestic surveillance network. [42]
Interdisciplinary partnerships play a vital role in China’s AI R&D, consisting of academic-corporate partnership, public-private partnerships, and global collaborations and projects with corporate-government collaborations are the most typical. [1] China ranked in the top 3 worldwide following the United States and the European Union for the overall variety of peer-reviewed AI publications that are produced under a corporate-academic collaboration between 2015 and 2019. [43] Besides, according to an AI index report, China went beyond the U.S. in 2020 in the total variety of global AI-related journal citations. [43] In terms of AI-related R&D, China-based peer-reviewed AI documents are mainly sponsored by the government. In May 2021, China’s Beijing Academy of Expert system launched the world’s largest pre-trained language design (WuDao). [44]
As of 2023, 47% of the world’s top AI scientists had completed their undergraduate research studies in China. [28]:101
According to scholastic Angela Huyue Zhang, publishing in 2024, while the Chinese federal government has actually been proactive in regulating AI services and enforcing responsibilities on AI companies, the overall technique to its regulation is loose and shows a pro-growth policy beneficial to China’s AI market. [28]:96 In July 2024, the federal government opened its first algorithm registration center in Beijing. [45]
Population
China’s large population creates an enormous amount of accessible information for business and scientists, which offers an important advantage in the race of huge data. As of 2024 [update], China has the world’s largest number of internet users, creating big amounts of data for artificial intelligence and AI applications. [46]:18
Facial acknowledgment
Facial recognition is one of the most widely utilized AI applications in China. Collecting these big quantities of information from its homeowners helps additional train and expand AI capabilities. China’s market is not only favorable and important for corporations to additional AI R&D but likewise offers incredible financial potential attracting both international and domestic firms to sign up with the AI market. The drastic development of the details and communication innovation (ICT) industry and AI chipsets over the last few years are two examples of this. [47] China has ended up being the world’s biggest exporter of facial recognition technology, according to a January 2023 Wired report. [48]
Censorship and material controls
In April 2023, [49] the Cyberspace Administration of China (CAC) released draft steps mentioning that tech business will be bound to ensure AI-generated content upholds the ideology of the CCP including Core Socialist Values, avoids discrimination, respects copyright rights, and safeguards user information. [50] [25]:278 Under these draft measures, companies bear legal obligation for training information and content produced through their platforms. [25]:278 In October 2023, the Chinese federal government mandated that generative artificial intelligence-produced content might not “prompt subversion of state power or the toppling of the socialist system.” [51] Before releasing a big language design to the general public, business should look for approval from the CAC to license that the model declines to answer specific concerns associating with political ideology and criticism of the CCP. [8] [52] Questions connected to politically sensitive subjects such as the 1989 Tiananmen Square demonstrations and massacre or comparisons in between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh must be declined. [52]
In 2023, in-country access was blocked to Hugging Face, a business that maintains libraries containing training data sets frequently used for large language models. [8] A subsidiary of individuals’s Daily, the official paper of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, provides local business with training information that CCP leaders consider permissible. [8] In 2024, the People’s Daily released a LLM-based tool called Easy Write. [53]
Microsoft has actually alerted that the Chinese government utilizes generative artificial intelligence to interfere in foreign elections by spreading out disinformation and provoking conversations on dissentious political problems. [54] [55] [56]
The Chinese artificial intelligence model DeepSeek has actually been reported to decline to answer concerns relating to features of the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre, persecution of Uyghurs, comparisons between Xi Jinping and Winnie the Pooh or human rights in China. [57] [58] [59]
Impact
Economic impact
Most firms [who?] hold optimistic views about AI’s economic effect on China’s long-term financial development. In the past, standard markets in China have battled with the increase in labor expenses due to the growing aging population in China and the low birth rate. With the implementation of AI, operational expenses are anticipated to minimize while an increase in performance creates earnings growth. [60] Some highlight the value of a clear policy and governmental assistance in order to overcome adoption barriers consisting of costs and absence of effectively trained technical skills and AI awareness. [61] However, there are concerns about China’s deepening earnings inequality and the ever-expanding imbalanced labor market in China. Low- and medium-income workers might be the most adversely affected by China’s AI development since of increasing demands for workers with sophisticated abilities. [61] Furthermore, China’s financial growth might be disproportionately divided as a bulk of AI-related commercial advancement is concentrated in seaside areas instead of inland. [61]
An influential decision by the Beijing Internet Court has ruled that AI-generated material is entitled to copyright security. [28]:98
Military impact
China looks for to build a “world-class” military by “intelligentization” with a specific concentrate on using unmanned weapons and synthetic intelligence. [62] [63] It is looking into numerous kinds of air, land, sea, and undersea self-governing cars. In the spring of 2017, a civilian Chinese university with ties to the military showed an AI-enabled swarm of 1,000 uninhabited aerial lorries at an airshow. A media report launched afterwards revealed a computer simulation of a similar swarm development finding and ruining a rocket launcher. [4]:23 Open-source publications indicated that China is also establishing a suite of AI tools for cyber operations. [64] [4]:27 Chinese development of military AI is mainly influenced by China’s observation of U.S. plans for defense development and fears of a broadening “generational space” in contrast to the U.S. military. Similar to U.S. military principles, China aims to use AI for making use of large chests of intelligence, creating a common operating image, and accelerating battlefield decision-making. [64] [4]:12 -14 The Chinese Multi-Domain Precision Warfare (MDPW) is thought about China’s reaction to the U.S. Joint All-Domain Command and Control (JADC2) technique, which seeks to integrate sensing units and weapons with AI and an energetic network. [65] [66]
Twelve classifications of military applications of AI have actually been determined: UAVs, USVs, UUVs, UGVs, smart munitions, smart satellites, ISR (Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance) software application, automated cyber defense software, automated cyberattack software application, choice support, software, automated missile launch software application, and cognitive electronic warfare software. [67]
China’s management of its AI ecosystem contrasts with that of the United States. [4]:6 In general, few limits exist in between Chinese commercial business, university lab, the military, and the main government. As an outcome, the Chinese government has a direct methods of directing AI development priorities and accessing innovation that was ostensibly established for civilian functions. To even more strengthen these ties the Chinese government developed a Military-Civil Fusion Development Commission which is planned to speed the transfer of AI innovation from commercial business and research study organizations to the military in January 2017. [2] [4]:19 In addition, the Chinese government is leveraging both lower barriers to information collection and lower expenses of information labeling to create the big databases on which AI systems train. [68] According to one price quote, China is on track to have 20% of the world’s share of data by 2020, with the possible to have over 30% by 2030. [64] [4]:12
China’s centrally directed effort is investing in the U.S. AI market, in companies dealing with militarily appropriate AI applications, potentially giving it legal access to U.S. technology and intellectual property. [69] Chinese equity capital financial investment in U.S. AI companies in between 2010 and 2017 totaled an estimated $1.3 billion. [70] [64] In September 2022, the U.S. Biden administration provided an executive order to avoid foreign investments, “particularly those from rival or adversarial nations,” from investing in U.S. technology companies, due to U.S. nationwide security issues. [71] [72] The order covers fields of U.S. innovations in which Chinese federal government has actually been investing, including “microelectronics, synthetic intelligence, biotechnology and biomanufacturing, quantum computing, [and] advanced tidy energy.” [71] [72]
In 2024, researchers from the People’s Liberation Army Academy of Military Sciences were reported to have developed a military tool utilizing Llama, which Meta Platforms said was unauthorized due to its design usage prohibition for military functions. [73] [74]
Academia
Although in 2004, Peking University introduced the very first scholastic course on AI which led other Chinese universities to adopt AI as a discipline, especially considering that China faces difficulties in recruiting and maintaining AI engineers and researchers. [21] Over half of the data scientists in the United States have been operating in the field for over 10 years, while roughly the very same percentage of information scientists in China have less than 5 years of experience. Since 2017, less than 30 Chinese Universities produce AI-focused experts and research items. [61]:8 Although China surpassed the United States in the variety of research study documents produced from 2011 to 2015, the quality of its released documents, as judged by peer citations, ranked 34th globally. [75] China particularly desire to attend to military applications and so the Beijing Institute of Technology, one of China’s premier institutes for weapons research study, recently developed the first children’s academic program in military AI in the world. [76]
In 2019, 34% of Chinese students studying in the AI field stayed in China for work. [77] According to a database preserved by an American thinktank, the portion increased to 58% in 2022. [77]
Ethical issues
For the past years, there are discussions about AI safety and ethical concerns in both private and public sectors. In 2021, China’s Ministry of Science and Technology released the very first nationwide ethical standard, ‘the New Generation of Expert System Ethics Code’ on the topic of AI with particular emphasis on user protection, data privacy, and security. [78] This file acknowledges the power of AI and quick innovation adaptation by the huge corporations for user engagements. The South China Morning Post reported that people shall stay completely decision-making power and rights to opt-in/-out. [78] Before this, the Beijing Academy of Expert system published the Beijing AI principles calling for essential requirements in long-lasting research study and planning of AI ethical concepts. [79]
Data security has actually been the most common subject in AI ethical discussion worldwide, and many national governments have actually developed legislation resolving information privacy and security. The Cybersecurity Law of the People’s Republic of China was enacted in 2017 intending to attend to brand-new obstacles raised by AI development. [80] [original research?] In 2021, China’s new Data Security Law (DSL) was gone by the PRC congress, establishing a regulative framework categorizing all type of information collection and storage in China. [81] This means all tech business in China are required to classify their information into classifications listed in Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) and follow particular guidelines on how to govern and deal with data transfers to other celebrations. [81]
Judicial system
In 2019, the city of Hangzhou established a pilot program artificial intelligence-based Internet Court to adjudicate conflicts associated with ecommerce and internet-related copyright claims. [82]:124 Parties appear before the court through videoconference and AI assesses the evidence provided and applies relevant legal requirements. [82]:124
Because some questionable cases that drew public criticism for their low penalties have been withdrawn from China Judgments Online, there are concerns about whether AI based upon fragmented judicial information can reach unbiased choices. [83] Zhang Linghan, professor of law at the China University of Government and Law, writes that AI-technology companies might wear down judicial power. [84] Some scholars argued that “increasing party management, political oversight, and decreasing the discretionary area of judges are deliberate goals of SCR [wise court reform]” [85]
Leading companies
Leading AI-centric companies and start-ups include Baidu, Tencent, Alibaba, SenseTime, 4Paradigm and Yitu Technology. [86] Chinese AI companies iFlytek, SenseTime, Cloudwalk and DJI have actually gotten attention for facial recognition, sound acknowledgment and drone technologies. [87]
China’s federal government takes a market-oriented approach to AI, and has actually looked for to motivate private tech business in developing AI. [25]:281 In 2018, it designated Baidu, Alibaba, iFlytek, Tencent, and SenseTime as “AI champs”. [25]:281
In 2023, Tencent debuted its large language design Hunyuan for business use on Tencent Cloud. [88]
New leading AI start-ups consist of Baichuan, Zhipu AI, Moonshot AI and MiniMax which were praised by financiers as China’s brand-new “AI Tigers” in 2024. [32] 01. AI has actually also been promoted as a leading startup. [89]
Assessment
Academic Jinghan Zeng argued the Chinese federal government’s dedication to global AI management and technological competition was driven by its previous underperformance in development which was seen by the CCP as a part of the century of humiliation. [90] According to Zeng, there are historically ingrained causes of China’s anxiety towards protecting a global technological supremacy – China missed out on both commercial transformations, the one starting in Britain in the mid-18th century, and the one that stemmed in America in the late-19th century. [90] Therefore, China’s government desires to make the most of the technological transformation in today’s world led by digital innovation consisting of AI to resume China’s “rightful” place and to pursue the national renewal proposed by Xi Jinping. [90]
A post released by the Center for a New American Security concluded that “Chinese federal government authorities showed incredibly eager understanding of the issues surrounding AI and international security. This consists of knowledge of the U.S. AI policy discussions,” and advised that “the U.S. policymaking community to similarly prioritize cultivating expertise and understanding of AI developments in China” and “funding, focus, and a desire among U.S. policymakers to drive massive needed modification.” [35] A short article in the MIT Technology Review likewise concluded: “China might have unrivaled resources and massive untapped potential, however the West has world-leading know-how and a strong research culture. Rather than stress over China’s development, it would be sensible for Western nations to concentrate on their existing strengths, investing greatly in research study and education. ” [91]
The Chinese federal government’s censorship program has stunted the development of generative artificial intelligence [7] [8]
In a 2021 text, the Research Centre for a Holistic Approach to National Security at the China Institutes of Contemporary International Relations wrote that the advancement of AI develops difficulties for holistic national security, consisting of the risks that AI will increase social stress or have destabilizing results on international relations. [28]:49
Writing from a Chinese Marxist view, academics including Gao Qiqi and Pan Enrong compete that capitalist application of AI will lead to higher injustice of workers and more major social issues. [28]:90 Gao points out how the development of AI has actually increased the power of platform companies like Meta, Twitter, and Alphabet, causing higher capital build-up and political power in less economic actors. [28]:90 According to Gao, the state must be the main responsible star in the location of generative AI (producing brand-new content like music or video). [28]:92 Gao writes that military use of AI threats escalating military competitors between nations which the impact of AI in military matters will not be restricted to one nation but will have spillover impacts. [28]:91
Dialogues between Chinese and Western AI professionals about the existential threat from synthetic intelligence have taken location. [92]
Public polling
The Chinese public is usually optimistic concerning AI. [25]:283 [28]:101 A 2021 study conducted throughout 28 nations found that 78% of the Chinese public thinks the benefits of AI exceed the threats, the highest of any country in the study. [25]:283 In 2024, a study of elite Chinese university trainees found that 80% concurred or strongly concurred that AI will do more excellent than damage for society, and 31% believed it needs to be managed by the government. [93]
Human rights
The extensively used AI facial recognition has raised issues. [94] According to The New York Times, implementation of AI facial acknowledgment innovation in the Xinjiang area to find Uyghurs is “the first known example of a federal government deliberately utilizing synthetic intelligence for racial profiling,” [95] which is stated to be “one of the most striking examples of digital authoritarianism.” [96] Researchers have actually discovered that in China, areas experiencing higher rates of unrest are associated with increased state acquisition of AI facial acknowledgment innovation, especially by local municipal authorities departments. [97] [98]
Expert system.
Artificial intelligence arms race
China Brain Project
Fifth generation computer
List of synthetic intelligence companies
Regulation of expert system
References
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Further reading
Hannas, William C.; Chang, Huey-Meei, eds. (29 July 2022). Chinese Power and Expert System: Perspectives and Challenges (1st ed.). London: Routledge.